نشریه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی
پیاپی 15 (زمستان 1392)

Heat indices in comparison with systems based on the number of days have a higher ability to accurately predict the rate of development of hybrid corn. The experimental was conducted in split plot randomized complete block design with 4 sowing dates (July 10, July 20, July 30 and August 10) and 20 domestic and foreign hybrid in 5 hybrids maturity group and 3 replications in Darab region in 2007. Mean Comparison showed the most required time for emergence was belonging to the maturation group 700 and the lowest belonging to the maturation group 200, 300. Maturation group of 700 showed the highest number of days to physiological reach. Also in this experiment was shown that grain yield decrease in later planting dates and the moisture grain increase. Hybrids of 600 maturation group had the highest yield. In order to create different environments and to estimate the heat requirement were used heat indices GDD, CHU and GTI for each hybrid. The based on heat indices and studied factors, cultivars of BC504, BC666, OSSK602, BC404, as the best cultivars and July 30 planting date, the best planting date was introduced in the region of Darab. Also according to the regression reviews each three heat index, CHU heat index introduced as a stable indicator.

In order to evaluate the effect of priming on germination, growth of maize hybrid SC704 under salinity and drought stress condition and select the best priming treatment in under stress condition, an experiment was applied as completely randomized design with three replications in Safiabad agriculture research center of Dezful in 1389-90. First factor include three levels of priming (control, Seeds treated with distilled water, seeds treated with kno3 1%),second factor include two levels osmotic solution(NACL,PEG6000), and third factor osmotic potentials include (0,-0/3, -0/6,-0/9 and -1/2 MPa). in this research some seed germination index were measured such as germination percent, length, fresh and dry weight root and shoot, CVG, germination speed and mean germination time. results indicate that percent germination delayed in both solutions (NACL,PEG). germination percent and other index germination were affected priming treatment and stress condition and were significant. also seeds were germinated at all concentrations of NACL but seeds werent germinated at osmotic potential -1/2 MGa of PEG treatment. priming seed cause increased germination percent and seedling growth under salinity and drought stresses. according to the observed results, treated seeds with kno3 1% were best and most effective treatment for germination percent.

Application of plant hormones in the development of sustainable agriculture in recent decades has been considered and it should be integrated crop management (ICM) is investigated. To evaluate the effects of plant hormones (auxin and gibberellin) a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications in Marvdasht citywas conducted. The first factor was four levels of auxin (zero, 50, 100 and 150 ppm) and the second factor consisted of four levels of gibberellin (zero, 50, 100 and 150 ppm). ANOVA of Measurement traits showed the significant effect of auxin on quantitative traits in maize(Plant height, ear length, leaf fresh weight, fresh weight per ear and weight of forage kg/ha in level of probability 99 %. and was not significant for stem fresh weight.for the results of hormone gibberellin on trait (fresh weight of leaf, stem fresh weight, plant height, fresh weight forage, per hectare, ear length) were significant in level of probability 99 %. And stem diameter was not significant. The results of the interaction showed that was significant for forage yield (kg/ha)and fresh weight per plant and not significant for other traits. Mean comparisons of auxin hormone showed that most quantitative traits (leaf fresh weight, stem fresh weight, fresh forage weight and fresh weight per plant), the hormone auxin application of 100 and 150 ppm obtained, which is statistically no difference. Mean comparisons showed that the hormone gibberellin greatest attributes was used in 100 and 150 ppm. Results for quality traits (protein and carbohydrate ear stems and leaves) showed that increasing concentrations of the hormone increases the amount of quality traits.

This experiment was carried out in 2012 at Marvdasht to determine the effects of chemical and biological fertilizers on some physiological characteristic and yield and its components of wheat (Triticum spp). The experiment was conducted as a factorial arranged in completely randomized blocks design with three replications. Treatments consisted of combined application levels nitrogen (N) at four levels (0, 75, 150, 225 kg pure nitrogen from urea fertilizer) and three levels of biological fertilizer (0, 100-g in 130-kg of seed and 200-g in 130-kg of seed). The results showed that highest grain yield (7.6 t.ha-1) was obtained with 225 kg N pure and 200-g in 130-kg of seed biological fertilizer and the lowest (2.9 t.ha-1). grain yield in control. The highest kernel number per spike and the highest 1000 kernel weight were obtained in integrated fertilizer treatment. application at integrated treatment 150- kg N and 200-g in 130-kg of seed biological fertilizer was not significantly different with integrated treatment 225- kg N and 100-g in 130-kg of seed biological fertilizer. In conclusion biological fertilizer can not be sufficient but integrated application of fertilizers (biological and chemical fertilizers) can significantly increase the wheat grain yield.

In order to evaluate the competitiveness of different varieties of beans and different levels of nitrogen on weed control, a factorial experiment arrangement base on randomized complete block design(RCBD) with three replications was done at Shiraz Azad university The first factor including four varieties of beans (Naz, Goli, Shazand and D801G) and the second factor consisted of four levels of nitrogen (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg /ha urea 46. forme the urea nitrogen resource). Analysis of variance showed the effect of bean cultivars for number of pods, seed 1000 weight, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant and seed yield were significant at one percent statically level and for the pod length was not significant. The effect of fertilizer levels in all treatments were significant at at one precent statically level. The interaction between fertilizer levels and different bean cultivar were significant for all traits measured Exception for leave total Chlorophyll. The results showed that bean varieties responded differently to different levels of nitrogen. Naz cultivar responded to 40 kg/ha of fertilizer and the highest of grain yield obtained in 40 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer whereas in Goli and Shazand the highest of grain yield obtained to 80 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer. D801G cultivar compared to the 120 kg/ha of fertilizer had the highest grain yield. Minimum of dry weed were related to both Shazand and D801G cultivar and maximum dry weed were related to both Naz and Goli cultivars. Overall results showed that the reaction of bean cultivars to different fertilizer levels and the presence of weeds should be considered fertilizer management in cording to capacity of bean cultivar than nitrogen fertilizer.

Salvia species is a perennial plant and belong to Labiates family in addition to the medicinal value, it used for the food, cosmetic products and ornamental flowers. Due to the increasing saline lands and reduced suitable lands for agriculture, identification of medicinal plants resistant to salinity and many compounds that can reduce salinity effects is important. Salicylic acid (SA) is one of the endogenous plant growth regulators, with phenolic quality that plays regulator roles in physiological process and protect the plant from environmental stresses. In order to evaluate the effect of different levels of SA on alleviation salinity on growth traits such as proline, soluble sugars, leaf area and root/shoot ratio of Salvia limbata, an experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement in Islamic Azad university of Damghan. Treatments were four concentrations of SA (0, 100, 200, 300 ppm) and four levels of Nacl (0, 50, 100, 150 mM) with four replications. The results showed that the interaction of salinity and salicylic acid on proline and soluble sugars contents in leaf were enhanced with positive and significant correlation at %1 probability level. The highest concentration of proline and soluble sugars was in the 150 mM salinity level with 300 ppm SA. Also, the maximum level of leaf area was showed in the 50 mM salinity level with 200 ppm SA. Best response of treatment was obtained with 50 mM salinity with 200 ppm SA that can be effective on development of plant resistance and adjustment intensity to salt stress. Therefore, considering that most of the areas of Iran suffering from salinity, it suggested that more attention should be the use of plant hormone Salicylic acid.

The halophilous ecosystems of Iran are exposed to anthropogenic degradation and conservation programs require the study of vegetation population and environmental factors in order to rehabilitation. Thesoutheast salt marshes in Orumieh Lake with an area of 85000 hectars is situated in the 37° to 37° 37' Latitude and 45° 35' to 46° 2' Longitudes. Average altitude of the salt marshes is 1284 m. Braun-Blanquet methodwas used to analysis the vegetation of the southeast salt marshes in Orumieh Lake. Mean minimum temperature, mean maximum temperature and mean annual precipitation were selected for analysis. Phytosociological data were analyzed by Gounot method and 9 associations were determined. The soil features including texture, EC, pH, T.N.V, SAR, cations, anions and OC was measured. Principal component analysis was used to analyze the soil data. It seems, that ground level, in relation to tide or to water table, plays a role in determining plant communities, possibly through affecting soil water and salt content. The results showedthat in addition toclimaticfactors that the plant association's distribution pattern was mainly related to soil characteristics, i.e. EC, pH, SAR, texture and T.N.V. It is very clear that these types are arranged according to the salinity-zones.

Bolhasan forest region with 5725 ha located is on east north of Dezful County. The region belongs to natural forests of Dezful. Considering valuable species of Amygdalus scopartia is mainly covered the area sustainable exploitation and development and restoration is essential. Therefore, knowledge of the habitat requirements of this species and the quantitative and qualitative characterization it can be helpful for proper use of these species. In order to implement this research then circulation in forest and preliminary study determined was Bolhasan habitat region on the 1:25000 map. Then, overlaing maps of slope, elevation and aspect mapping was units and 36 units of the land. Quantity and quality of labor per unit measured were including height, canopy, average diameter and number of Amygdalus scoparia. Evaluation situation habitat for studied species performed was by weighing the criteria using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Expert Choice Software. In current research evaluated were criteria using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Geographic Information System (GIS) and final extracted was ecological capability land in map. In this study, identified were the best range for growth of Amygdalus scoparia species, northern, elevation 800-1100 and slope of 0-15 percent. The results of this study showed that is approximately 1988 hectares equivalent to 72/34% of Bolhasan forest is excellent, 1577 ha equivalent to 55/27% is good and 2160 ha equivalent to 73/37% is poor.